There is much more to a good brake pad than just its ability to stop a vehicle. The ability to absorb and disperse heat, how quickly it will wear, and the amount of noise and dust it creates are all things to consider when choosing a brake pad.
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It may be tempting to choose the brake pads with the lowest cost. However, it is important to keep in mind that you really do get what you pay for. Low quality brake pads can be very noisy, wear down faster and also cause wear on other brake system parts like brake rotors – which means spending more in the long run.
There are three main types of brake pads that you’ll find on passenger vehicles: non-asbestos organic, ceramic and semi-metallic.
Because of their organic makeup, non-asbestos organic (NAO) brake pads don’t pollute as they lose friction material and are easy to dispose of. NAO pads are softer than most other brake pads, which makes them quieter, but also means that they wear faster and may produce dust. They are best suited for lighter vehicle applications that don’t require a lot of hard braking.
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Ceramic brake pads have excellent stopping power and disperse heat well. Ideal for most normal driving applications, they produce very little dust or noise and are long lasting. Many foreign and domestic vehicles are equipped with ceramic brake pad formulations from the factory.
Semi-metallic pads have good stopping power and are very efficient at dispersing heat. They can be noisy and do create more dust than ceramic brake pads. This type of pad is also made with friction materials that are harder than most others, so they may have more aggressive wear to your brake rotors.
These discussions about brake pad types usually get confusing.
For passenger vehicles there are essentially 3 types of pads - organic, ceramic and semi-metallic.
But it's not quite as simple as that.
Ceramic pads may have copper fibres in them, so they are sort of semi-metallic (ceramics on their own wouldn't cut it), and organic pads may have glass fibres in them.
Of course, semi-metallic pads have more copper and other metals than ceramic pads do, but the point is it's not black and white.
Differing heat transfer capability is a big design consideration, and no question that semi-metallic wins on that performance issue.
(That's distinct from how well the pad itself performs over a temperature range.)
The heat transfer characteristic is important as to its long-term effect on the related brake components (rotors, fluid, etc.) as well as immediate performance impact.
All brake pad types are dusty, or they wouldn't be doing the job. With organics and ceramics the particles are not as visible as with semi-metallics..
Semi-metallic pads will probably wearing the rotors a bit faster too, so there is additional dust from that.
The actual metal component in semi-metallics can vary quite considerably, so comparisons are difficult.
No question that semi-metallic pads can be the noisiest of the three, but noise is a subjective term.
Another reason for staying with the same material as factory is that the O.E. choice may be matched to the carbon content of the rotors, or their hardness.
But if you are replacing the rotors with non-O.E. anyway, that becomes moot.
The majority of cars (domestic and imported) probably still come with organic pads, but Germans have always favoured semi-metallic, and Japanese cars ceramics.
Don't count on that rule though. Car manufacturers will do what is in their best interests more often than yours.
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