These vehicles go fast and can travel in forests and over fields. ATV use by youth is mainly for recreation but older youth use ATVs for chores such as pulling a cart to haul firewood, feeding calves or scraping snow. Riding ATVs can be fun, provide a means of physical fitness, give parents and youth an opportunity for quality family time, and provide a means of accomplishing work.
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ATVs are also getting bigger and faster, ranging up to 700cc and greater in engine size, weighing 600 or more pounds, with speeds exceeding 70 miles per hour. Machines of this size and speed are not suitable for most youth. As a result, ATVs have proven hazardous to youth. The Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) Annual Reports typically show that, approximately 25% of the estimated number of ATV-related injuries treated in emergency rooms involved children less than 16 years of age.
This article discusses selection and use of ATVs for youth, along with recommendations for adults to help youth have positive experiences with ATVs. Lifelong enjoyment and use of these popular recreational and work vehicles are possible through training in safe ATV operation.
Before considering the purchase of an ATV for your child, consideration should be given to the child's physical and emotional development. Physical development includes size and strength as well as visual perception and coordination. Emotional development (mental maturity) includes focus, discipline, reasoning and decision-making ability. A parent often overestimates their own child's skills and abilities and may want a more objective evaluation of skills and abilities from another adult that is familiar with the child.
Have your child stand on the footrests of the ATV and grasp the handlebars. There should be at least 3 inches of clearance between the ATV seat and the youngster's seat of the pants. Have your child move the handlebars all the way to the right and to the left. Can they do this? Can your child operate the throttle and squeeze the brake lever with one hand as these controls are intended to be used? Can your child shift their weight from side to side and from front to back and maintain their balance? One good measure of readiness to successfully ride an ATV is the ability to ride a bicycle. Can your child easily control a bicycle?
The child's emotional maturity can be viewed from a standpoint of discipline. Does your child have self-control as shown by conforming to expected rules of behavior and by awareness of the consequences of their actions? Riding an ATV safely demands following the rules of riding. Understanding that uncontrolled behavior can result in injury or death is a sign of emotional maturity. Parents should recognize that all children are different in maturity levels at a particular age. Just because a child is big for their age and can reach the controls of the ATV does not mean that they will use mature judgment in dealing with the many circumstances that may occur while riding the ATV.
The National Children's Center for Rural and Agricultural Health and Safety's Agricultural Youth Work Guidelines (AYWG) guidelines for adults to determine the readiness of youth to operate an ATV. Visit the 'Operating an All-Terrain Vehicle (ATV)' page. The ATV Institute also offers an ATV Readiness Checklist to help you determine if your youth is ready to operate an ATV.
When selecting an ATV for your child, there are numerous factors and features to consider in addition to physical and emotional development. These include: type of ATV, power, speed, drive mechanism, adult supervisory controls, carrier racks, suspension systems, brake and foot controls, and heat and burn prevention.
Purchase four-wheeled ATVs because they are more stable and less prone to side overturns. The overwhelming asset of the four-wheeler is its stability. The sale of new three-wheeled ATVs has been banned for many years, but many used three-wheelers are sold by after-market ATV dealers or owners. Don't purchase a used three-wheeler because they are not stable.
The Consumer Product Safety Commission (CSPS) has issued an ATV Safety Alert regarding engine size suggestions for young riders. The CPSC considers that an adult-size ATV has an engine of 90cc or greater and suggests youth be at least 16 years old to operate an adult-size ATV. ATV manufacturers offer guidelines on engine size for young rider's safe ATV use.
Age and size recommendation for ATV operation supported by manufacturers.
ATVs with single speed, automatic transmissions are ideal for beginning riders. Power is easily controlled by the novice operator and an automatic clutch reduces changes of "popping-the-clutch," which can result in a rear overturn. The automatic transmission offers reasonable speed for the learner. More sophisticated transmissions and drivelines are available for the larger adult-sized machines.
Controls that help adults supervise beginning ATV riders are available including throttle limiters, exhaust restrictors, and remote shut-off switches. Throttle limiters act as a governor to maintain slower speeds. Exhaust restrictors reduce the engine's power. Remote shut-off switches may be an engine stop leash or tether which the adult can pull to operate an engine shut-off switch. The remote can also be a more expensive electronic shut-off switch which can be activated from a greater distance from the rider.
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Carrier racks should not be installed on youth-size ATVs because the weight of objects or materials carried on the rack can shift the ATVs center of gravity and reduce its stability. The material on the rack may also block the youth's vision.
In addition to considering design features specific to young riders, there are design characteristics applicable to all ATVs that contribute to safer operation. These include:
Safely operating an ATV includes proper dress, protective equipment and following established rules for ATV safety.
Full face shield helmets offer the most protection. The helmet should fit snugly and securely. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Z90.1 label indicates that the helmet has met national test standards. In a wooded area, eye protection showing the ANSI Z78.1 label is required if the helmet does not have a face shield. A Department of Transportation-approved rating and/or SNELL rating may also be found on the helmet. Some inexpensive helmets have no approval rating as they have not been tested by a standards testing organization. Over-the-ankle shoes with sturdy, non-slip heels and soles should be worn along with gloves and a long-sleeve shirt and pants.
Operators of all ages should observe these ATV operation rules:
At the present time there are only four legal regulations involving the operation of ATVs by youth under the age of 16. The Pennsylvania Vehicle Code, Chapter 77 states:
Some professional groups that advocate for youth safety feel that it is not acceptable for youth under 16 years of age to operate an ATV under any circumstances. The American Academy of Pediatrics and Safe Kids Worldwide organizations, both recommend that youth under the age of 16 should not operate an ATV of any size. The reasons given for this position include a youth's lack of judgment, maturity and physical development, the inherent risks associated with ATV operation, an increased number of injuries to youth operator in recent years, and a lack of safety devices to protect children against injuries common to ATV riding. Lay groups, such as "Concerned Families for ATV Safety", have recently formed to advocate for stricter regulations regarding youth and ATV operation. Whether or not the risk of injury to youth is sufficient to justify banning all ATV operation by youth under the age of 16 is an area that is generating considerable debate. Parents are encouraged to stay informed of the arguments for and against ATV operation by youth. Parents allowing their sons and daughters to operate ATVs should be aware of the risks, provide for proper instruction, and monitor the safe use of the ATV for both work and recreation.
Young operators should learn to operate an ATV in an approved safety training program. Approved safety training programs are most commonly offered by the ATV Safety Institute and state agencies such as the PA Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (DCNR). For information on approved ATV safety training in Pennsylvania, visit the DCNR website or call the DCNR's Bureau of Forestry at 717-783-.
The PA DCNR has partnered with an organization to offer the 'Offroad-Ed Pennsylvania Course' for online ATV safety training and certification. This training program includes a fee for administration and testing and can result in an ATV Safety Certificate of Completion upon successful test results.
Check with your local ATV dealership for safety course opportunities. Adult supervision of beginning riders can increase the development of safe ATV riding habits.
Prepared by Dennis J. Murphy, Distinguished Professor and William C. Harshman, Senior Project Associate
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